An Assignment on the Legal Framework of the UK Tax Regime on Small Businesses - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2872 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Introduction In this assignment, I will be working for an organisation called smallbusiness.co.uk, this is a consultancy that offers beneficial information for small business owners. The organisation offers free legal advice online to help them start up their business. I will be helping people by replying to each enquiry, I will do this by explaining the legal framework and how the UK tax regime affects businesses starting up in England and Wales. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Assignment on the Legal Framework of the UK Tax Regime on Small Businesses" essay for you Create order I will also develop the awareness of the rights and responsibilities that employees and owners have within a business. Online Enquiry 1 Dear B. Phillips, Hello and thank you for your enquiry regarding your retailer for failing to meet payment deadlines. You should try contacting the retailer by writing a formal letter and try to negotiate an agreement. To ensure this you should give them a sensible amount of time to reply back to you, this could be up to a month. If this fails the court can take action against the party. Regarding your claim this will be a private case as it is between you and the other party. This would be dealt with the County court as they deal with these kinds of matters, to make a claim against the party, this can easily be done online at courtsni.gov.uk. You may be eligible to be reimbursed money that has not yet been recovered from the overdue invoice payments, as you previously stated that you have a formal contract between you and the retailer . The retailer can be sued as this is a breach of contract, as they have failed to meet the payment deadline date according to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1999à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Breach of contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can be claimed when the party claiming the breach have actually done all of the duties under the agreed contract, as opposed to the other party who have failed to commit to their duties to which they have obliged. This can either be stated on the terms and conditions of the contract otherwise by word of mouth formally making a verbal/ oral contract. This however can be very difficult to prove in terms of the existence and/or its terms. Because of this your party may not be able to enforce it or may be able to settle for a variation of the original claim that is less money. There are remedies available in the occurrence of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"breach of contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ this could be in the form of; Compensatory damages is a sum of money awarded by court to compensate for any loss, disadvantages, or injuries as an unlawful conduct of another. Legal fees and costs so there will be a reimbursement of fees Rescission is unmaking of a contract between two parties, to bring them back to a position before they entered the contract. Injunction is an equitable remedy, where the court can order specific instructions. Any party that does not act accordingly with an injunction, can face criminal or civil penalties which include imprisonment and monetary sanctions. Misrepresentation would refer to your party if the other party made a false statement to confirm a deal. You can also be eligible to compensate for any negligent misrepresentation if it states on the contract that invoice payments are up to date. There are more options one of which could save you from spending money on court fees and resolve any matters. You could use the small claims court, which is a local court where claims can be made for small amounts of money under  £10,000, it can be done promptly without legal representation. A third party, a Mediator can be used alternatively to bring both parties to come to an agreement and form a solution. This can be another result from the county court as small claims can be resolved through mediation. I hope that this has helped answer your enquiry and best of luck for the future. Online enquiry 2 Dear Jenny, Thank you for your enquiry, I have revised through your query and I will firstly explain the benefits and drawbacks of each type of business ownership; sole trader, partnership and private limited company. As stated by the Valuation academy (2014) sole traders are recognised as being a business with a single owner. Which means this individual is self-employed and runs the business themselves or by employing staff. It is generally difficult for the sole trader to raise capital as they can only use their own sources for example personal saving and consumer loans. The owner is also responsible for any debts the business may occur as they have unlimited liability and also retains all profit accumulated. Unlimited liability as explained by Investopedia, 2014 states that owners can be held personally accountable for a businesss debt. For example, if three partners each invest  £20,000 in a business. The business accumulates  £150,000 in liabilities. If the business is unable to repay the debts or defaults on its debt, each of them is equally liable for the debt. In other wor ds, each would have to come up with  £50,000 above their initial investment to satisfy the debt which also places their personal assets at risk. Further to being a sole trader, they will be subject income tax on all profits that are made after overheads. Income tax is one of the main source of funds that is used to support the general public and its activities, which is used by the government. Businesses are obliged by law to complete tax returns every year to assess if there is tax due to be paid or to be offered a tax rebate, as this has been explained by Investopedia, 2014. They are also subject to capital gains, this applies to everyone each tax year. This means that businesses only pay capital gains tax if their overall earnings for tax year is above this amount. The annual exempt amount for 2014/15 is currently  £11,000 for individuals, personal representatives and trustees for disabled people. For other trustees the amount is  £5,000, this information has been obtained by the HMRC, 2014. Self-employed workers are also liable to pay National Insurance contributions, they are required to pay Class 2 and Class 4 NICà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s from the first day of starting up. They are eligible to pay, if their profits are above  £5,885 and this will increase after profits pass  £7,956. Class 2 will be subject to paying  £2.75 per week for the current tax year. Also Class 4 NICà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are paid on any profits made, the current rate for 2014/15 tax year is 9% on income acquired by the sole trader this is between  £7,956 and  £41,865 and 2% beyond that amount, and this can also be viewed on the gov.uk website for more clarity. Partnerships are formed when there are two or more people who manage a business. They both share the unlimited liabilities, so they are jointly accountable for all the responsibilities of the business. It is reasonably simple to form a partnership but should invest some times in creating a partnership agreement. It is slightly easier to raise capital as there is more than one potential investor as compared to a sole trader. Employees may also be inclined to become a partner and see this as a motivation. However partners, are equally responsible in making decisions together, so if there is a conflict arousing between them this could eventually lead on to the partnership being liquefied. Registered companies, as defined by Investopedia, 2014 provides its owners with limited liability, since it is an entity. This means the company has its own identity and can borrow money. It also has to pay corporation tax and can be prosecuted .It is owned by shareholders and is supervised by a board of directors. The company will have its own identity which means the company can still be running even after the death of the owners and it can change its existing directors and current. They can raise capital through selling stocks to potential shareholders at any time. Dividends is a compulsory distribution of profit that is offered in the form of cash, property or stocks, this is given to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock holders, however this does not concern them when paying the businesses debts as they have limited liability. There are different types of companies, some of which that may apply to you are Public Limited Companiesare businesses that are established with at least 2 shareholders and a qualified secretary, with at least  £50,000 worth of shares issued. Private limited companies have similarities to PLCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s but can be run with just one member, however they are not permitted to raise capital by trading shares publically. As a limited company you will be eligible to pay Corporation tax. This is a tax levied on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profits which is at 20% on profits above  £300,000. If this figure is breached then a higher rate of tax will incur. Profits that are made can always be re tained, which can be used to pay salaries and dividends. To become a company you must first be incorporated at the Companies house. There are a few things that need to be submitted to receive a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"certificate of incorporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which will confirm the existence of the company, the company number and the date of establishment. These are: acompany name- there are rules on what it can and canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t include anaddress for the company at least onedirector at least oneshareholder the agreement of all initial shareholders to generate the company known as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"memorandum of associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ details of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sharesand the rights attached to them known as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"statement of capitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ writtenrules about how the company is run- known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"articles of associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ To register your company you can do this online on (https://www.gov.uk/register-a-company-online) it takes approximately two days process and there is a  £15 charge. Another way to register is to post the IN01 form, memorandum of association, articles of association and any additional information. Businesses that have been established previously, have advanced from being a small limited company this alteration has benefitted them, through satisfaction and have brought out monetary inducements. Online enquiry 2 Dear Johal, Thank you for your enquiry. I would like to congratulate you on your successful business upon winning numerous rewards. I have read that you have a concern for one of your staff, Meera who is working in the front line position. I understand that your business has a uniform and customer service policy, however the fact that Meera wears a Niqab due to her practising her religion. This would be known as indirect discrimination of an employeeà ¢ â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s faith. Legal Implications According to the Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) regulation 2003, as seen on the Independent 2014, it has made it against the law for employers to discriminate against their employees on the grounds of sexual orientation or religious belief. You as the employer would have to give a justifiable reason as to why it is essential for Meera to not wear the Niqab, you must also have tried to meet her needs. If it is practical and safe to wear clothing that consists with their religion. Where some businesses implement a specific dress code, there should be some attention to the proposed code to ensure it does not clash with the dress requirements of some religions. Overall dress codes which can have the effect of clashing with religious requirements can be considered as indirect discrimination. However, in some cases, it can be possible for the employer to show that there is a genuine business, or health and safety reasons for an employee has been treated, which donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have anything to do with religion or belief. If this is the case, this will not be classed as discrimination. An employer must consider the possibilities of religious of belief requirements. Some of these requirements are likely to include the appearance of belief for example, wearing Headscarves, having a beard, star of David, skull caps etc. Employees are protected from religious discrimination in the workplace, this means that they are protected: whatever their religion or belief whether they are already working for your employer Whether they are applying for a job. Ability to make a claim from Party B Unfortunately, Party B will be able to file a claim. If the party, whom of which experience any kind of discrimination in the workplace, may be eligible for compensation. This also contains raising a grievance with the employer or proceeding with a claim to an employment tribunal, where the compensation maybe offered. This may have an impact on an organisation, which can damage the reputation of the business and employer. Also includes the cost of staff leaving and future recruitment and training. Employees can also be submitted to go to the Supreme Court due to it being illegal to have policy which makes it unlikely to meet than other people, which puts them in a position of disadvantage. Recommendations If you encounter any situation such as this in the future, you can manage this by dealing with the complainant that doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t involve any unlawful discrimination in case there is, you can correct the situation by concern ing Meera, on what can be improved and what can be resolved by coming to an agreement. The risk of discriminatory employment can be avoided, by creating unbiased principles when assessing potential candidates. Also During interviews, the same queries can be implemented for all candidates that are applying for the job, making it a fair process. I suggest you to read the Equality Act 2010 Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) regulation 2003. This will increase your understanding in order to process and act upon these laws and regulations. Also the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Equality and Human Rights Commissionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ provides guidance explaining, how to comply with equality and human rights law. As well as explaining the law, we can enforce it. Powers include helping individuals with their legal cases, and taking legal action against organisations that appear to have broken the law (Equality Act 2010). This will protect Meeraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights because of her religio n and belief, also try and discuss basic Rights at work of responsibilities of Managers/Owners (Yourself). Another best practice I can recommend is that you can reduce the risk of religious discrimination claims by carefully and timely recording the accurate business reasons for disciplinary or performanceÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ related actions and sharing these reasons with Meera. You can reduce the risk of discriminatory decisions by providing training to inexperienced managers and encouraging them to consult with more experienced managers or human resources personnel when addressing difficult issues. As an owner of your business, you may consider engaging with and educating the staff regarding any misperceptions they may have had or the equal employment opportunity laws. Also, I recommend implementing Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hierarchy of needs into your workplace. This will mature your understanding as an employer, and to carry out a fair and compliable working en vironment for employees. Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ideas surrounding the Hierarchy of needs, shows an understanding of employees motivation, training and personal progress and how to acquire their full potential. For example with Meera, by not allowing her to practice her beliefs in the workplace could overall affect her working performance. It could interrupt her physiological needs due to her clothing, social stability, her self-esteem will also be affected as this can have a knock on her confidence. I hope I have answered to all your enquiry, thank you. References Valuation Academy | The advantages and disadvantages of business organisation types Accessed: 15/11/14 (https://valuationacademy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-business-organization-types/). Income Tax Definition | Investopedia. 2014.Accessed 15 November 2014 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/incometax.asp HM Revenue Customs | Capital Gains Tax rates and annual tax-free allowances. 2014. https://www.hmrc.gov.uk/rates/cgt.htm. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Limited Liability Definition | Investopedia. 2014. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/limitedliability.asp. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Dividend Definition | Investopedia. 2014. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dividend.asp. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Limited Company | The Company Warehouse Blog Company Formation and Business Startup Advice. 2014 at:https://blog.thecompanywarehouse.co.uk/2010/02/03/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-limited-company/. [Ac cessed 15 November 2014] Guide to National Insurance Contributions (NICs) for small businesses | ByteStart. 2014. https://www.bytestart.co.uk/national-insurance.html. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Self-employed National Insurance rates GOV.UK. 2014 https://www.gov.uk/self-employed-national-insurance-rates. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Set up a private limited company GOV.UK. 2014 https://www.gov.uk/limited-company-formation/overview. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Support for employees Know your religious rights Business Analysis Features Business The Independent.2014 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/support-for-employeesknow-your-religious-rights-1984327.html. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Religion or Belief and the workplace https://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/f/l/religion_1.pdf. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Citizens Advice Discrimination because of religion or belief. 2014.Citizens Advice Discrimination because of religion or belief. https://www.adviceguide.org.uk/england/discrimination_e/discrimination_discrimination_because_of_race_religion_or_belief_e/discrimination_because_of_religion_or_belief.htm#h_what_is_discrimination_because_of_religion_or_belief. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Worship and Psychology [Part 2] RobStill.com https://www.robstill.com/worship-and-psychology-part-2/. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and diagrams of Maslows motivational theory pyramid diagrams of Maslows theory. 2014.Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and diagrams of Maslows motivational theory pyramid diagrams of Maslows theory. https://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm. [Accessed 15 November 2014]. 1

Southwest Airlines Organizational Culture - 616 Words

â€Å"Southwest is one of the most admired companies in the country, respected in an industry thats better known for delayed flights and bad customer service than a great corporate culture.† (Business Insider) Southwest Airlines is known by many to have a long history or service in the airline industry. In many ways its rise to success is nothing less than astonishing. The company has been innovative in both its methods of marketing and its ability to manage its workforce effectively. Many consider Southwest a pioneer in the forms of creativity and innovation that is has used to strike the global economy. It’s also a well-considered company in the topic of Company Culture. The values of Southwest go beyond the vague statements made in other companies,such as â€Å"take the initiative† or â€Å"care about your customers.† One of the more important values is not being afraid to deliver the product to the customer. â€Å"We need to give our employees all t he tools they need to support our customers. People travel for a variety of reasons — business, funerals, vacations — and you need to be sensitive to their space and schedules.† (Forbes) The other value is to treat everyone with respect and put other people first. â€Å"We believe we need to connect people to what is important in their lives through friendly, reliable and low cost air travel. If you respect their concerns and needs, and still provide low-cost and low-fare terms, then you do indeed have a servant’s heart. The customer,Show MoreRelatedSouthwest Airlines Organizational Culture770 Words   |  4 Pages Southwest Airlines corporate philosophy can be credited to one of the founders Herb Kelleher. 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Chapter 21 The House-elf Liberation Front Free Essays

string(97) " all the leaflet stuff and try and stir them up into rebellion\?† Several people chortled\." Harry, Ron, and Hermione went up to the Owlery that evening to find Pigwidgeon, so that Harry could send Sirius a letter telling him that he had managed to get past his dragon unscathed. On the way, Harry filled Ron in on everything Sirius had told him about Karkaroff. Though shocked at first to hear that Karkaroff had been a Death Eater, by the time they entered the Owlery Ron was saying that they ought to have suspected it all along. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 21 The House-elf Liberation Front or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Fits, doesn’t it?† he said. â€Å"Remember what Malfoy said on the train, about his dad being friends with Karkaroff? Now we know where they knew each other. They were probably running around in masks together at the World Cup†¦.I’ll tell you one thing, though, Harry, if it was Karkaroff who put your name in the goblet, he’s going to be feeling really stupid now, isn’t he? Didn’t work, did it? You only got a scratch! Come here – I’ll do it -â€Å" Pigwidgeon was so overexcited at the idea of a delivery he was flying around and around Harry’s head, hooting incessantly. Ron snatched Pigwidgeon out of the air and held him still while Harry attached the letter to his leg. There’s no way any of the other tasks are going to be that dangerous, how could they be?† Ron went on as he carried Pigwidgeon to the window. â€Å"You know what? I reckon you could win this tournament, Harry, I’m serious.† Harry knew that Ron was only saying this to make up for his behavior of the last few weeks, but he appreciated it all the same. Hermione, however, leaned against the Owlery wall, folded her arms, and frowned at Ron. â€Å"Harry’s got a long way to go before he finishes this tournament,† she said seriously. â€Å"If that was the first task, I hate to think what’s coming next.† â€Å"Right little ray of sunshine, aren’t you?† said Ron. â€Å"You and Professor Trelawney should get together sometime.† He threw Pigwidgeon out of the window. Pigwidgeon plummeted twelve feet before managing to pull himself back up again; the letter attached to his leg was much longer and heavier than usual – Harry hadn’t been able to resist giving Sirius a blow-by-blow account of exactly how he had swerved, circled, and dodged the Horntail. They watched Pigwidgeon disappear into the darkness, and then Ron said, â€Å"Well, we’d better get downstairs for your surprise party, Harry – Fred and George should have nicked enough food from the kitchens by now.† Sure enough, when they entered the Gryffindor common room it exploded with cheers and yells again. There were mountains of cakes and flagons of pumpkin juice and butterbeer on every surface; Lee Jordan had let off some Filibuster’s Fireworks, so that the air was thick with stars and sparks; and Dean Thomas, who was very good at drawing, had put up some impressive new banners, most of which depicted Harry zooming around the Horntail’s head on his Firebolt, though a couple showed Cedric with his head on fire. Harry helped himself to food; he had almost forgotten what it was like to feel properly hungry, and sat down with Ron and Hermione. He couldn’t believe how happy he felt; he had Ron back on his side, he’d gotten through the first task, and he wouldn’t have to face the second one for three months. â€Å"Blimey, this is heavy,† said Lee Jordan, picking up the golden egg, which Harry had left on a table, and weighing it in his hands. â€Å"Open it, Harry, go on! Let’s just see what’s inside it!† â€Å"He’s supposed to work out the clue on his own,† Hermione said swiftly. â€Å"It’s in the tournament rules†¦.† â€Å"I was supposed to work out how to get past the dragon on my own too,† Harry muttered, so only Hermione could hear him, and she grinned rather guiltily. â€Å"Yeah, go on, Harry, open it!† several people echoed. Lee passed Harry the egg, and Harry dug his fingernails into the groove that ran all the way around it and prised it open. It was hollow and completely empty – but the moment Harry opened it, the most horrible noise, a loud and screechy wailing, filled the room. The nearest thing to it Harry had ever heard was the ghost orchestra at Nearly Headless Nick’s deathday party, who had all been playing the musical saw. â€Å"Shut it!† Fred bellowed, his hands over his ears. â€Å"What was that?† said Seamus Finnigan, staring at the egg as Harry slammed it shut again. â€Å"Sounded like a banshee†¦Maybe you’ve got to get past one of those next, Harry!† â€Å"It was someone being tortured!† said Neville, who had gone very white and spilled sausage rolls all over the floor. â€Å"You’re going to have to fight the Cruciatus Curse!† â€Å"Don’t be a prat, Neville, that’s illegal,† said George. â€Å"They wouldn’t use the Cruciatus Curse on the champions. I thought it sounded a bit like Percy singing†¦maybe you’ve got to attack him while he’s in the shower. Harry.† â€Å"Want a jam tart, Hermione?† said Fred. Hermione looked doubtfully at the plate he was offering her. Fred grinned. â€Å"It’s all right,† he said. â€Å"I haven’t done anything to them. It’s the custard creams you’ve got to watch -â€Å" Neville, who had just bitten into a custard cream, choked and spat it out. Fred laughed. â€Å"Just my little joke, Neville†¦.† Hermione took a jam tart. Then she said, â€Å"Did you get all this from the kitchens, Fred?† â€Å"Yep,† said Fred, grinning at her. He put on a high-pitched squeak and imitated a house-elf. â€Å"‘anything we can get you, sir, anything at all!’ They’re dead helpful†¦get me a roast ox if I said I was peckish.† â€Å"How do you get in there?† Hermione said in an innocently casual sort of voice. â€Å"Easy,† said Fred, â€Å"concealed door behind a painting of a bowl of fruit. Just tickle the pear, and it giggles and -† He stopped and looked suspiciously at her. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Nothing,† said Hermione quickly. â€Å"Going to try and lead the house-elves out on strike now, are you?† said George. â€Å"Going to give up all the leaflet stuff and try and stir them up into rebellion?† Several people chortled. Hermione didn’t answer. â€Å"Don’t you go upsetting them and telling them they’ve got to take clothes and salaries!† said Fred warningly. â€Å"You’ll put them off their cooking!† Just then, Neville caused a slight diversion by turning into a large canary. â€Å"Oh – sorry, Neville!† Fred shouted over all the laughter. â€Å"I forgot – it was the custard creams we hexed -â€Å" Within a minute, however, Neville had molted, and once his feathers had fallen off, he reappeared looking entirely normal. He even joined in laughing. â€Å"Canary Creams!† Fred shouted to the excitable crowd. â€Å"George and I invented them – seven Sickles each, a bargain!† It was nearly one in the morning when Harry finally went up to the dormitory with Ron, Neville, Seamus, and Dean. Before he pulled the curtains of his four-poster shut. Harry set his tiny model of the Hungarian Horntail on the table next to his bed, where it yawned, curled up, and closed its eyes. Really, Harry thought, as he pulled the hangings on his four-poster closed, Hagrid had a point†¦they were all right, really, dragons†¦. The start of December brought wind and sleet to Hogwarts. Drafty though the castle always was in winter. Harry was glad of its fires and thick walls every time he passed the Durmstrang ship on the lake, which was pitching in the high winds, its black sails billowing against the dark skies. He thought the Beauxbatons caravan was likely to be pretty chilly too. Hagrid, he noticed, was keeping Madame Maxime’s horses well provided with their preferred drink of single-malt whiskey; the fumes wafting from the trough in the comer of their paddock was enough to make the entire Care of Magical Creatures class light-headed. This was unhelpful, as they were still tending the horrible skrewts and needed their wits about them. â€Å"I’m not sure whether they hibernate or not,† Hagrid told the shivering class in the windy pumpkin patch next lesson. â€Å"Thought we’d jus’ try an see if they fancied a kip†¦we’ll jus’ settle ’em down in these boxes†¦.† There were now only ten skrewts left; apparently their desire to kill one another had not been exercised out of them. Each of them was now approaching six feet in length. Their thick gray armor; their powerful, scuttling legs; their fire-blasting ends; their stings and their suckers, combined to make the skrewts the most repulsive things Harry had ever seen. The class looked dispiritedly at the enormous boxes Hagrid had brought out, all lined with pillows and fluffy blankets. â€Å"We’ll jus’ lead ’em in here,† Hagrid said, â€Å"an’ put the lids on, and we’ll see what happens.† But the skrewts, it transpired, did not hibernate, and did not appreciate being forced into pillow-lined boxes and nailed in. Hagrid was soon yelling, â€Å"Don panic, now, don’ panic!† while the skrewts rampaged around the pumpkin patch, now strewn with the smoldering wreckage of the boxes. Most of the class – Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle in the lead – had fled into Hagrid’s cabin through the back door and barricaded themselves in; Harry, Ron, and Hermione, however, were among those who remained outside trying to help Hagrid. Together they managed to restrain and tie up nine of the skrewts, though at the cost of numerous burns and cuts; finally, only one skrewt was left. â€Å"Don’ frighten him, now!† Hagrid shouted as Ron and Harry used their wands to shoot jets of fiery sparks at the skrewt, which was advancing menacingly on them, its sting arched, quivering, over its back. â€Å"Jus’ try an slip the rope ’round his sting, so he won hurt any o’ the others!† â€Å"Yeah, we wouldn’t want that!† Ron shouted angrily as he and Harry backed into the wall of Hagrid’s cabin, still holding the skrewt off with their sparks. â€Å"Well, well, well†¦this does look like fun.† Rita Skeeter was leaning on Hagrid’s garden fence, looking in at the mayhem. She was wearing a thick magenta cloak with a furry purple collar today, and her crocodile-skin handbag was over her arm. Hagrid launched himself forward on top of the skrewt that was cornering Harry and Ron and flattened it; a blast of fire shot out of its end, withering the pumpkin plants nearby. â€Å"Who’re you?† Hagrid asked Rita Skeeter as he slipped a loop of rope around the skrewt’s sting and tightened it. â€Å"Rita Skeeter, Daily Prophet reporter,† Rita replied, beaming at him. Her gold teeth glinted. â€Å"Thought Dumbledore said you weren’ allowed inside the school anymore,† said Hagrid, frowning slightly as he got off the slightly squashed skrewt and started tugging it over to its fellows. Rita acted as though she hadn’t heard what Hagrid had said. â€Å"What are these fascinating creatures called?† she asked, beaming still more widely. â€Å"Blast-Ended Skrewts,† grunted Hagrid. â€Å"Really?† said Rita, apparently full of lively interest. â€Å"I’ve never heard of them before†¦where do they come from?† Harry noticed a dull red flush rising up out of Hagrid’s wild black beard, and his heart sank. Where had Hagrid got the skrewts from? Hermione, who seemed to be thinking along these lines, said quickly, â€Å"They’re very interesting, aren’t they? Aren’t they. Harry?† â€Å"What? Oh yeah†¦ouch†¦interesting,† said Harry as she stepped on his foot. â€Å"Ah, you’re here. Harry!† said Rita Skeeter as she looked around. â€Å"So you like Care of Magical Creatures, do you? One of your favorite lessons?† â€Å"Yes,† said Harry stoutly. Hagrid beamed at him. â€Å"Lovely,† said Rita. â€Å"Really lovely. Been teaching long?† she added to Hagrid. Harry noticed her eyes travel over Dean (who had a nasty cut across one cheek). Lavender (whose robes were badly singed), Seamus (who was nursing several burnt fingers), and then to the cabin windows, where most of the class stood, their noses pressed against the glass waiting to see if the coast was clear. â€Å"This is o’ny me second year,† said Hagrid. â€Å"Lovely†¦I don’t suppose you’d like to give an interview, would you? Share some of your experience of magical creatures? The Prophet does a zoological column every Wednesday, as I’m sure you know. We could feature these – er – Bang-Ended Scoots.† â€Å"Blast-Ended Skrewts,† Hagrid said eagerly. â€Å"Er – yeah, why not?† Harry had a very bad feeling about this, but there was no way of communicating it to Hagrid without Rita Skeeter seeing, so he had to stand and watch in silence as Hagrid and Rita Skeeter made arrangements to meet in the Three Broomsticks for a good long interview later that week. Then the bell rang up at the castle, signaling the end of the lesson. â€Å"Well, good-bye, Harry!† Rita Skeeter called merrily to him as he set off with Ron and Hermione. â€Å"Until Friday night, then, Hagrid!† â€Å"She’ll twist everything he says,† Harry said under his breath. â€Å"Just as long as he didn’t import those skrewts illegally or anything,† said Hermione desperately. They looked at one another – it was exactly the sort of thing Hagrid might do. â€Å"Hagrid’s been in loads of trouble before, and Dumbledores never sacked him,† said Ron consolingly. â€Å"Worst that can happen is Hagrid’ll have to get rid of the skrewts. Sorry†¦did I say worst? I meant best.† Harry and Hermione laughed, and, feeling slightly more cheerful, went off to lunch. Harry thoroughly enjoyed double Divination that afternoon; they were still doing star charts and predictions, but now that he and Ron were friends once more, the whole thing seemed very funny again. Professor Trelawney, who had been so pleased with the pair of them when they had been predicting their own horrific deaths, quickly became irritated as they sniggered through her explanation of the various ways in which Pluto could disrupt everyday life. â€Å"I would think,† she said, in a mystical whisper that did not conceal her obvious annoyance, â€Å"that some of us† – she stared very meaningfully at Harry- â€Å"might be a little less frivolous had they seen what I have seen during my crystal gazing last night. As I sat here, absorbed in my needlework, the urge to consult the orb overpowered me. I arose, I settled myself before it, and I gazed into its crystalline depths†¦and what do you think I saw gazing back at me?† â€Å"An ugly old bat in outsize specs?† Ron muttered under his breath. Harry fought hard to keep his face straight. â€Å"Death, my dears.† Parvati and Lavender both put their hands over their mouths, looking horrified. â€Å"Yes,† said Professor Trelawney, nodding impressively, â€Å"it comes, ever closer, it circles overhead like a vulture, ever lower†¦ever lower over the castle†¦.† She stared pointedly at Harry, who yawned very widely and obviously. â€Å"It’d be a bit more impressive if she hadn’t done it about eighty times before,† Harry said as they finally regained the fresh air of the staircase beneath Professor Trelawney’s room. â€Å"But if I’d dropped dead every time she’s told me I’m going to, I’d be a medical miracle.† â€Å"You’d be a sort of extra-concentrated ghost,† said Ron, chortling, as they passed the Bloody Baron going in the opposite direction, his wide eyes staring sinisterly. â€Å"At least we didn’t get homework. I hope Hermione got loads off Professor Vector, I love not working when she is†¦.† But Hermione wasn’t at dinner, nor was she in the library when they went to look for her afterward. The only person in there was Viktor Krum. Ron hovered behind the bookshelves for a while, watching Krum, debating in whispers with Harry whether he should ask for an autograph – but then Ron realized that six or seven girls were lurking in the next row of books, debating exactly the same thing, and he lost his enthusiasm for the idea. â€Å"Wonder where she’s got to?† Ron said as he and Harry went back to Gryffindor Tower. â€Å"Dunno†¦balderdash.† But the Fat Lady had barely begun to swing forward when the sound of racing feet behind them announced Hermione’s arrival. â€Å"Harry!† she panted, skidding to a halt beside him (the Fat Lady stared down at her, eyebrows raised). â€Å"Harry, you’ve got to come – you’ve got to come, the most amazing thing’s happened – please -â€Å" She seized Harry’s arm and started to try to drag him back along the corridor. â€Å"What’s the matter?† Harry said. â€Å"I’ll show you when we get there – oh come on, quick -â€Å" Harry looked around at Ron; he looked back at Harry, intrigued. â€Å"Okay,† Harry said, starting off back down the corridor with Hermione, Ron hurrying to keep up. â€Å"Oh don’t mind me!† the Fat Lady called irritably after them. â€Å"Don’t apologize for bothering me! I’ll just hang here, wide open, until you get back, shall I?† â€Å"Yeah, thanks!† Ron shouted over his shoulder. â€Å"Hermione, where are we going?† Harry asked, after she had led them down through six floors, and started down the marble staircase into the entrance hall. â€Å"You’ll see, you’ll see in a minute!† said Hermione excitedly. She turned left at the bottom of the staircase and hurried toward the door through which Cedric Diggory had gone the night after the Goblet of Fire had regurgitated his and Harry’s names. Harry had never been through here before. He and Ron followed Hermione down a flight of stone steps, but instead of ending up in a gloomy underground passage like the one that led to Snape’s dungeon, they found themselves in a broad stone corridor, brightly lit with torches, and decorated with cheerful paintings that were mainly of food. â€Å"Oh hang on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Harry slowly, halfway down the corridor. â€Å"Wait a minute, Hermione†¦.† â€Å"What?† She turned around to look at him, anticipation all over her face. â€Å"I know what this is about,† said Harry. He nudged Ron and pointed to the painting just behind Hermione. It showed a gigantic silver fruit bowl. â€Å"Hermione!† said Ron, cottoning on. â€Å"You’re trying to rope us into that spew stuff again!† â€Å"No, no, I’m not!† she said hastily. â€Å"And it’s not spew, Ron -â€Å" â€Å"Changed the name, have you?† said Ron, frowning at her. â€Å"What are we now, then, the House-Elf Liberation Front? I’m not barging into that kitchen and trying to make them stop work, I’m not doing it -â€Å" â€Å"I’m not asking you to!† Hermione said impatiently. â€Å"I came down here just now, to talk to them all, and I found – oh come on, Harry, I want to show you!† She seized his arm again, pulled him in front of the picture of the giant fruit bowl, stretched out her forefinger, and tickled the huge green pear. It began to squirm, chuckling, and suddenly turned into a large green door handle. Hermione seized it, pulled the door open, and pushed Harry hard in the back, forcing him inside. He had one brief glimpse of an enormous, high-ceilinged room, large as the Great Hall above it, with mounds of glittering brass pots and pans heaped around the stone walls, and a great brick fireplace at the other end, when something small hurtled toward him from the middle of the room, squealing, â€Å"Harry Potter, sir! Harry Potter!† Next second all the wind had been knocked out of him as the squealing elf hit him hard in the midriff, hugging him so tightly he thought his ribs would break. â€Å"D-Dobby?† Harry gasped. â€Å"It is Dobby, sir, it is!† squealed the voice from somewhere around his navel. â€Å"Dobby has been hoping and hoping to see Harry Potter, sir, and Harry Potter has come to see him, sir!† Dobby let go and stepped back a few paces, beaming up at Harry, his enormous, green, tennis-ball-shaped eyes brimming with tears of happiness. He looked almost exactly as Harry remembered him; the pencil-shaped nose, the batlike ears, the long fingers and feet – all except the clothes, which were very different. When Dobby had worked for the Malfoys, he had always worn the same filthy old pillowcase. Now, however, he was wearing the strangest assortment of garments Harry had ever seen; he had done an even worse job of dressing himself than the wizards at the World Cup. He was wearing a tea cozy for a hat, on which he had pinned a number of bright badges; a tie patterned with horseshoes over a bare chest, a pair of what looked like children’s soccer shorts, and odd socks. One of these, Harry saw, was the black one Harry had removed from his own foot and tricked Mr. Malfoy into giving Dobby, thereby setting Dobby free. The other was covered in pink and orange stripes. â€Å"Dobby, what’re you doing here?† Harry said in amazement. â€Å"Dobby has come to work at Hogwarts, sir!† Dobby squealed excitedly. â€Å"Professor Dumbledore gave Dobby and Winky jobs, sir! â€Å"Winky?† said Harry. â€Å"She’s here too?† â€Å"Yes, sir, yes!† said Dobby, and he seized Harry’s hand and pulled him off into the kitchen between the four long wooden tables that stood there. Each of these tables, Harry noticed as he passed them, was positioned exactly beneath the four House tables above, in the Great Hall. At the moment, they were clear of food, dinner having finished, but he supposed that an hour ago they had been laden with dishes that were then sent up through the ceiling to their counterparts above. At least a hundred little elves were standing around the kitchen, beaming, bowing, and curtsying as Dobby led Harry past them. They were all wearing the same uniform: a tea towel stamped with the Hogwarts crest, and tied, as Winky’s had been, like a toga. Dobby stopped in front of the brick fireplace and pointed. â€Å"Winky, sir!† he said. Winky was sitting on a stool by the fire. Unlike Dobby, she had obviously not foraged for clothes. She was wearing a neat little skirt and blouse with a matching blue hat, which had holes in it for her large ears. However, while every one of Dobby’s strange collection of garments was so clean and well cared for that it looked brand-new, Winky was plainly not taking care other clothes at all. There were soup stains all down her blouse and a burn in her skirt. â€Å"Hello, Winky,† said Harry. Winky’s lip quivered. Then she burst into tears, which spilled out of her great brown eyes and splashed down her front, just as they had done at the Quidditch World Cup. â€Å"Oh dear,† said Hermione. She and Ron had followed Harry and Dobby to the end of the kitchen. â€Å"Winky, don’t cry, please don’t†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But Winky cried harder than ever. Dobby, on the other hand, beamed up at Harry. â€Å"Would Harry Potter like a cup of tea?† he squeaked loudly, over Winky’s sobs. â€Å"Er – yeah, okay,† said Harry. Instantly, about six house-elves came trotting up behind him, bearing a large silver tray laden with a teapot, cups for Harry, Ron, and Hermione, a milk jug, and a large plate of biscuits. â€Å"Good service!† Ron said, in an impressed voice. Hermione frowned at him, but the elves all looked delighted; they bowed very low and retreated. â€Å"How long have you been here, Dobby?† Harry asked as Dobby handed around the tea. â€Å"Only a week. Harry Potter, sir!† said Dobby happily. â€Å"Dobby came to see Professor Dumbledore, sir. You see, sir, it is very difficult for a house-elf who has been dismissed to get a new position, sir, very difficult indeed -â€Å" At this, Winky howled even harder, her squashed-tomato of a nose dribbling all down her front, though she made no effort to stem the flow. â€Å"Dobby has traveled the country for two whole years, sir, trying to find work!† Dobby squeaked. â€Å"But Dobby hasn’t found work, sir, because Dobby wants paying now!† The house-elves all around the kitchen, who had been listening and watching with interest, all looked away at these words, as though Dobby had said something rude and embarrassing. Hermione, however, said, â€Å"Good for you, Dobby!† â€Å"Thank you, miss!† said Dobby, grinning toothily at her. â€Å"But most wizards doesn’t want a house-elf who wants paying, miss. ‘That’s not the point of a house-elf,’ they says, and they slammed the door in Dobby’s face! Dobby likes work, but he wants to wear clothes and he wants to be paid. Harry Potter†¦.Dobby likes being free!† The Hogwarts house-elves had now started edging away from Dobby, as though he were carrying something contagious. Winky, however, remained where she was, though there was a definite increase in the volume other crying. â€Å"And then, Harry Potter, Dobby goes to visit Winky, and finds out Winky has been freed too, sir!† said Dobby delightedly. At this, Winky flung herself forward off her stool and lay face-down on the flagged stone floor, beating her tiny fists upon it and positively screaming with misery. Hermione hastily dropped down to her knees beside her and tried to comfort her, but nothing she said made the slightest difference. Dobby continued with his story, shouting shrilly over Winky’s screeches. â€Å"And then Dobby had the idea. Harry Potter, sir! ‘Why doesn’t Dobby and Winky find work together?’ Dobby says. ‘Where is there enough work for two house-elves?’ says Winky. And Dobby thinks, and it comes to him, sir! Hogwarts! So Dobby and Winky came to see Professor Dumbledore, sir, and Professor Dumbledore took us on!† Dobby beamed very brightly, and happy tears welled in his eyes again. â€Å"And Professor Dumbledore says he will pay Dobby, sir, if Dobby wants paying! And so Dobby is a free elf, sir, and Dobby gets a Galleon a week and one day off a month!† â€Å"That’s not very much!† Hermione shouted indignantly from the floor, over Winky’s continued screaming and fist-beating. â€Å"Professor Dumbledore offered Dobby ten Galleons a week, and weekends off,† said Dobby, suddenly giving a little shiver, as though the prospect of so much leisure and riches were frightening, â€Å"but Dobby beat him down, miss†¦.Dobby likes freedom, miss, but he isn’t wanting too much, miss, he likes work better.† â€Å"And how much is Professor Dumbledore paying you, Winky?† Hermione asked kindly. If she had thought this would cheer up Winky, she was wildly mistaken. Winky did stop crying, but when she sat up she was glaring at Hermione through her massive brown eyes, her whole face sopping wet and suddenly furious. â€Å"Winky is a disgraced elf, but Winky is not yet getting paid!† she squeaked. â€Å"Winky is not sunk so low as that! Winky is properly ashamed of being freed!† â€Å"Ashamed?† said Hermione blankly. â€Å"But – Winky, come on! It’s Mr. Crouch who should be ashamed, not you! You didn’t do anything wrong, he was really horrible to you -â€Å" But at these words, Winky clapped her hands over the holes in her hat, flattening her ears so that she couldn’t hear a word, and screeched, â€Å"You is not insulting my master, miss! You is not insulting Mr. Crouch! Mr. Crouch is a good wizard, miss! Mr. Crouch is right to sack bad Winky!† â€Å"Winky is having trouble adjusting, Harry Potter,† squeaked Dobby confidentially. â€Å"Winky forgets she is not bound to Mr. Crouch anymore; she is allowed to speak her mind now, but she won’t do it.† â€Å"Can’t house-elves speak their minds about their masters, then?† Harry asked. â€Å"Oh no, sir, no,† said Dobby, looking suddenly serious. â€Å"‘Tis part of the house-elf’s enslavement, sir. We keeps their secrets and our silence, sir. We upholds the family’s honor, and we never speaks ill of them – though Professor Dumbledore told Dobby he does not insist upon this. Professor Dumbledore said we is free to – to -â€Å" Dobby looked suddenly nervous and beckoned Harry closer. Harry bent forward. Dobby whispered, â€Å"He said we is free to call him a – a barmy old codger if we likes, sir!† Dobby gave a frightened sort of giggle. â€Å"But Dobby is not wanting to, Harry Potter,† he said, talking normally again, and shaking his head so that his ears flapped. â€Å"Dobby likes Professor Dumbledore very much, sir, and is proud to keep his secrets and our silence for him.† â€Å"But you can say what you like about the Malfoys now?† Harry asked him, grinning. A slightly fearful look came into Dobby’s immense eyes. â€Å"Dobby – Dobby could,† he said doubtfully. He squared his small shoulders. â€Å"Dobby could tell Harry Potter that his old masters were – were – bad Dark wizards!† Dobby stood for a moment, quivering all over, horror-struck by his own daring – then he rushed over to the nearest table and began banging his head on it very hard, squealing, â€Å"Bad Dobby! Bad Dobby!† Harry seized Dobby by the back of his tie and pulled him away from the table. â€Å"Thank you. Harry Potter, thank you,† said Dobby breathlessly, rubbing his head. â€Å"You just need a bit of practice,† Harry said. â€Å"Practice!† squealed Winky furiously. â€Å"You is ought to be ashamed of yourself, Dobby, talking that way about your masters!† â€Å"They isn’t my masters anymore, Winky!† said Dobby defiantly. â€Å"Dobby doesn’t care what they think anymore!† â€Å"Oh you is a bad elf, Dobby!† moaned Winky, tears leaking down her face once more. â€Å"My poor Mr. Crouch, what is he doing without Winky? He is needing me, he is needing my help! I is looking after the Crouches all my life, and my mother is doing it before me, and my grandmother is doing it before her†¦oh what is they saying if they knew Winky was freed? Oh the shame, the shame!† She buried her face in her skirt again and bawled. â€Å"Winky,† said Hermione firmly, â€Å"I’m quite sure Mr. Crouch is getting along perfectly well without you. We’ve seen him, you know -â€Å" â€Å"You is seeing my master?† said Winky breathlessly, raising her tearstained face out of her skirt once more and goggling at Hermione. â€Å"You is seeing him here at Hogwarts?† â€Å"Yes,† said Hermione, â€Å"he and Mr. Bagman are judges in the Triwizard Tournament.† â€Å"Mr. Bagman comes too?† squeaked Winky, and to Harry ‘s great surprise (and Ron’s and Hermione’s too, by the looks on their faces), she looked angry again. â€Å"Mr. Bagman is a bad wizard! A very bad wizard! My master isn’t liking him, oh no, not at all!† â€Å"Bagman – bad?† said Harry. â€Å"Oh yes,† Winky said, nodding her head furiously, â€Å"My master is telling Winky some things! But Winky is not saying†¦Winky – Winky keeps her master’s secrets†¦.† She dissolved yet again in tears; they could hear her sobbing into her skirt, â€Å"Poor master, poor master, no Winky to help him no more!† They couldn’t get another sensible word out of Winky. They left her to her crying and finished their tea, while Dobby chatted happily about his life as a free elf and his plans for his wages. â€Å"Dobby is going to buy a sweater next, Harry Potter!† he said happily, pointing at his bare chest. â€Å"Tell you what, Dobby,† said Ron, who seemed to have taken a great liking to the elf, â€Å"I’ll give you the one my mum knits me this Christmas, I always get one from her. You don’t mind maroon, do you?† Dobby was delighted. â€Å"We might have to shrink it a bit to fit you,† Ron told him, â€Å"but it’ll go well with your tea cozy.† As they prepared to take their leave, many of the surrounding elves pressed in upon them, offering snacks to take back upstairs. Hermione refused, with a pained look at the way the elves kept bowing and curtsying, but Harry and Ron loaded their pockets with cream cakes and pies. â€Å"Thanks a lot!† Harry said to the elves, who had all clustered around the door to say good night. â€Å"See you, Dobby!† â€Å"Harry Potter†¦can Dobby come and see you sometimes, sir?† Dobby asked tentatively. † ‘Course you can,† said Harry, and Dobby beamed. â€Å"You know what?† said Ron, once he, Hermione, and Harry had left the kitchens behind and were climbing the steps into the entrance hall again. â€Å"All these years I’ve been really impressed with Fred and George, nicking food from the kitchens – well, it’s not exactly difficult, is it? They can’t wait to give it away!† â€Å"I think this is the best thing that could have happened to those elves, you know,† said Hermione, leading the way back up the marble staircase. â€Å"Dobby coming to work here, I mean. The other elves will see how happy he is, being free, and slowly it’ll dawn on them that they want that too!† â€Å"Let’s hope they don’t look too closely at Winky,† said Harry. â€Å"Oh she’ll cheer up,† said Hermione, though she sounded a bit doubtful. â€Å"Once the shock’s worn off, and she’s got used to Hogwarts, she’ll see how much better off she is without that Crouch man.† â€Å"She seems to love him,† said Ron thickly (he had just started on a cream cake). â€Å"Doesn’t think much of Bagman, though, does she?† said Harry. â€Å"Wonder what Crouch says at home about him?† â€Å"Probably says he’s not a very good Head of Department,† said Hermione, â€Å"and let’s face it†¦he’s got a point, hasn’t he?† â€Å"I’d still rather work for him than old Crouch,† said Ron. â€Å"At least Bagman’s got a sense of humor.† â€Å"Don’t let Percy hear you saying that,† Hermione said, smiling slightly. â€Å"Yeah, well, Percy wouldn’t want to work for anyone with a sense of humor, would he?† said Ron, now starting on a chocolate eclair. â€Å"Percy wouldn’t recognize a joke if it danced naked in front of him wearing Dobby’s tea cozy.† How to cite Chapter 21 The House-elf Liberation Front, Essay examples

Henrik Ibsen Essay Thesis Example For Students

Henrik Ibsen Essay Thesis Henrik Ibsen was born at Skien in Norway on March 20, 1828. When he was eight,his father went bankrupt. This event made a deep impression upon him. After theywent bankrupt, his family moved to a small farm north of the town where theylived in poverty. Henrik was forced to attend a small local school. He receiveda substandard education. In 1843, the family returned to town. Unfortunatelythey were still poor. Ibsen came from a very dysfunctional family. Hisdomineering father was an alcoholic who found solace in alcohol. His quietmother found comfort in religion. He used them as a model for his plays. Theblend of an overbearing husband and a submissive wife made appearances in hisplays Brand, A Dolls House, and Ghosts. The bitter character of Hjalmar Ekdalin The Wild Duck was based on Ibsens father. When he was sixteen, he moved toGrimstad to work for a druggist. He had wanted to become a doctor, but game upon the idea after he failed Greek and Math on his University entrance exams. Medicine was not his only ambition. He also wanted to be a painter. In 1850,Ibsen entered the first of his three writing periods. His romantic period wentfrom 1850 to 1873. The greatest works from this period are the Brandand PeerGynt Most of the plays that he wrote during these years are romantic historicaldramas. Lady Inger of Ostraat was a romantic drama with intrigue. The Vikings ofHelgeland was a simple and sad tragedy. The last play of the Romantic period wasEmperor and Galilean. It is similar to Ibsens other play Catiline because itshowed his impatience with traditional attitudes and values. In both plays heshowed sympathy for historical characters who were famous for being rebellious. Ibsen became the stage manager and playwright of the National Stage in Bergen in1851. He worked there for six years. In 1857, he moved to Christiania (Oslo),where he became director of the Norwegian Theatre. He neglected both writing andthe theatre. He plunged into social life with his literary friends and drankheavily. In 1858, Ibsen married Suzannah Thoresen, with whom he had one child,Sigurd Ibsen. This was a marriage that was often as misunderstood as themarriages of Ibsens dramas. At the age of thirty, Ibsen saw his firstperformances of Shakespeare in Copenhagen and Dresden. Shakespeares workconvinced Ibsen that serious drama must strive toward a psychological truth andform its basis on the characters and conflicts of mankind. Ibsen and his friendBjà ¸rnstjerne Bjà ¸rnson founded The Norwegian Company in1859. After the Norwegian Theatre went bankrupt in 1862, Ibsen was depressed andbroke. As a result, he was sometimes seen drunk on the streets of Christiania. His success with The Pretenders in 1863 inspired him to write several poems. Ibsen became bitterly disappointed with current political events, especiallyNorways failure to help the Danes in their war against Prussia. In 1864 he leftNorway. After he left, he spent most of his time in Rome, Dresden and Munich. Hewas supported by a pension from the Norwegian state and income from his books. In 1866, he had a significant breakthrough with his play Brand. In his speech toChristiania students in 1874, Ibsen said, All I have written, I havementally lived through. Partly I have written on that which only by glimpses,and at my best moments, I have felt stirring vividly within me as somethinggreat and beautiful. I have written on that which, so to speak, has stood higherthan my daily self. But I have also written on the opposite, on that which tointrospective contemplation appears as the dregs and sediments of ones ownnature. Yes, gentlemen, nobody can poetically present that to which he has notto a certain degree and at least at times the model within himself. In1877, Ibsen entered his second period of writing with his play Pillars ofSociety. Ibsen wrote a series of plays dealing with social problems, such as ADolls House and Ghosts. He also wrote a series of plays dealing withpsychological problems, such as The Lady from the Seas and Hedda Gabler. Hewrote eight plays during of this period and both originated and perfected theproblem play. The term problem play refers specifically to the typeof drama which Ibsen wrote beginning with Pillars of Society in 1877. In theseplays, the emphasis is on the presentation of a social or

5 Reasons You Shouldnt Care About Your Job Title

5 Reasons You Shouldnt Care About Your Job Title We need to work to pay the bills and afford to keep ourselves and our loved ones afloat. That’s the bare minimum and the bottom line. But too often people get tangled up in the status of their job title, and it can make them miserable. Here are 5 reasons why you should stop worrying about the name of your job and start enjoying the fact that you have it (and don’t hate it!). 1. You’re appreciatedWhen you do something well, you ideally are recognized for your achievement and your coworkers and/or boss take the time out to give you a pat on the back. Maybe your employer makes a point of rewarding your success in your annual review, or perhaps you see their gratitude reflected in a bonus or a salary increase?If you’re getting this kind of attention- and praise when you have earned it- that’s more than many people can say in unsatisfying jobs they hate.2. You’re not chained to the deskHaving a job with flexibility is like getting a glimpse of the holy grail. If you’ve found a job where you can set your own hours, or work remotely even part of the time, or just swap out when you need to take care of things at home, then you have something worth more than any title: work-life balance. Hold on to it.3. You’ve got controlMaybe your boss encourages you to grow your career- and, more importantly, gives you the freedom to decide for yourself which opportunities would do that best. If you feel like you’re continually learning something every week you work, then you’re in a pretty good position.4. You’re an assetYou know you’re good at what you do, but in this case your boss knows it too. She has made- and continues to make- an investment in you. You’re trusted to face new challenges, given unimpeded access to new training and other learning opportunities†¦ In short, you’re valued.5. You enjoy yourselfDo you actually like coming to work every day? More or less enjoy what y ou do? Have a good working relationship with your coworkers and boss? Maybe you don’t love what you do or do what you love, but that is a rare thing indeed. If you like what you do, you’re halfway there. And that is worth more than any title.

Win a Book Bundle by Reviewing Season 2 of Reedsys Podcast

Win a Book Bundle by Reviewing Season 2 of Reedsys Podcast Win a Book Bundle by Reviewing Season 2 of Reedsy's Podcast Update: This contest is now closed. Check out Bestseller Season 2 right here, and discover tons more amazing writing podcasts in our post of  30+ writing podcasts you need to be listening to!This week marks the start of Season 2 of  Bestseller, the self-publishing podcast from Reedsy. Continuing the work he did in Season 1, host Casimir Stone will be following the origin story of an indie author,  demystifying the process of writing and self-publishing a book.This season's protagonist is Bella Falls. Prior to publishing her Southern Charms Cozy Mysteries, she spent almost a decade brushing  shoulders with the biggest names in self-publishing. In that time, she familiarized herself with writing to market and its various sub-genres and experienced the writing world as an editor, designer, personal assistant, and community member. It's true to say that her overnight success was a long time in the making.Listen, review, and win a book bundle!To promote this new season, we're givi ng away the first three paperbacks in the Southern Charms series to three listeners.Loading... The competition closed at  11.59pm EST on May 10th, 2019.Thanks in advance for your help, and good luck!

Can foreign policy be both 'ethical' and Realist or Discuss the Essay

Can foreign policy be both 'ethical' and Realist or Discuss the similarities and differences between the League of Nation - Essay Example 19). The United Nations Charter was approved in 1945. The League of Nations was formed in 1919 following the world I. It was discredited because of its failure to prevent future wars and conflicts after the lessons from the World War I. The league had failed to prevent the Second World War that realised massive casualty of soldiers and civilians (Jansson, 2012, p. 20). The United Nations The United Nations is an integrated network of international agreements, conventions and organisations that were formulated by United Nations. The UN was shaped in 1945 following the World War II. The UN system comprises of five organs, â€Å"the UN Security Council, The UN General Assembly, the UN economic and social council, the trusteeship council, the International court of Justice and the UN secretariat† (Jansson, 2012, p. 17). The five permanent members in the council include USA, China, Britain, France and the Soviet Union (Jansson, 2012, p. 17). The League of Nations (LoN) The League o f Nations was formed in 1919. It comprises of three organs that include the Assembly, the Council and the secretariat. Its goal was to oversee world peace by preventing the occurrence of wars (Jansson, 2012, p. 17). Similarities According to Gareau (2002, p. 44), the UN and the League had been founded after appalling world wars. They were both peace structures that aimed at realising permanent solutions for wars. The UN and the LoN were structured around large assemblies and small councils. The council members were mandated to use their collective effort to avert aggression. The councils averted the underlying differences between nations through dialogue and rationality (Gareau, 2002, p. 46). Pierce (2007, p. 12) contends that both UN and LoN promoted rational avenues such as courts, reconciliation and arbitration to thwart the likelihood of war between nations. Both international organs had permanent secretariats that were served by international civil servants. The civil servants did not answer to their national governments. Therefore, averting conflicts was the major goals of LoN and the UN because they were charged with the responsibility of maintaining overall international peace and security. Both organisations have historically relied on peaceful strategies for solutions to international disputes and have requested for punitive measures such as sanctions to the aggressor nations (Pierce, 2007, p. 22). In the LoN, the big powers exercised their influence in shaping its policies. Similarly, in the UN, the big powers of USA, Russia, Britain, China and France played a crucial role of directing the calendar activities (Daniel, 2008, p.30). Similarly, both are deliberate associations of sovereign states established to enhance cooperation among the members on specific political, fiscal and social arenas (Conforti, 2005, p. 34) They are both endowed with similar organisational appendages that include an assembly, council, fiscal and social bodies, trustee commi ttees, court and secretariat. In most instances, these organs were authorised to recommend rather than command (Page & Sonnenburg, 2003, p. 39). Both organisations relied on an assembly with universal membership where members enjoy equality of voting rights. They also instituted a council consisting of major super powers as members and a secretariat that is permanent and international in character. A secretary-general heads

International Baccalaureate (IB) Vs. The Traditional High School Research Paper

International Baccalaureate (IB) Vs. The Traditional High School Curriculum - Research Paper Example International Baccalaureate offers three programmes to students who are between the age of 3 and 19. It has led to increase in the quality of education that many students get worldwide (Mathews & Hill, 2005). Most of the IB institution are privately own. On the other hand, traditional schools are public schools that started long time ago. The government built traditional schools to ensure that many students went to school despite the economic backgrounds of their families (Reese, 2005). However, International Baccalaureate (IB) can be compared with the traditional high school curriculum in very many areas. Comparing IB and traditional schools is very hard especially when one is trying to see which one of them is better. This will only depends on what someone is looking for in the field of education. IB programs’ main aim is to foster critical thinking and to make student to understand worldly with the aim of learning to work globally. Students are taught to develop intellectual, emotional and social skills that they can apply in their working environments. Therefore, schools that provide good traditional education are also able to provide the same skills to their students. IB education offers three programs to their students between the age of 3 and 19.

Argument Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Argument Analysis - Essay Example The analysis of the advertisement shows that the messages in the video are crucially important to be understood by drivers and people who are going to drive and these points are presented effectively in the advertisement. The video describes a situation when two drivers are about to make a crash situation on a road, but suddenly time stops and the drivers go out of their cars. The driver who made the mistake asks the one who drives too fast to slow down, but he can’t because he drives too fast and there is so little time and distance between their cars that there’s nothing anybody can do to prevent the crash. The one who made the mistake shows that there is his little son on the back seat, but the fast driver realizes that the alarm conditions were his fault because if he hadn’t driven too fast they could have avoided the crash and there would be enough time for the father and son to skip on the road before him. So finally the drivers get back to their cars and the piece of the crash is shown for a moment. The advertisement finishes with a black screen and the message of the video appears â€Å"Other people make mistakes. Slow down†. The advertisement isn’t designed to sell anything, it is socially important: its ethos aims to evoke people’s responsibility and capability of thinking about others while driving, because we all live in the world where there are other people around us and it is a part of ethics to include other people’s human factor in our decision making. The ethos sends the important moral message that it is crucial to follow your civil duty, that’s why the advertisement was made based on touching and strong drivers’ feelings of grief and regret. As far as the advertisement is sponsored by New Zealand Transport Agency it becomes clear that it aims to decrease the amount of car accidents on roads and the agency is also responsible for this. The target audience for this

Risk Management In Construction Industry Of India Construction Essay

Risk Management In Construction Industry Of India Construction Essay Risk management is something related to uncertainty as it is not fixed and it is a part of daily life, or it is something we cannot predict and may result in negative outcome (Helmen and Shen Li, 2001). However its a process of analyzing exposure of risk and determining how to best handle such exposure. Some firms may use risk assumption, risk avoidance, risk retention, risk transfer or any other combined strategies for proper organized management of future events. Risk is somewhat calculable, since it has to do with probabilities, whereas uncertainty has no previous history to relate any probabilities to. Uncertainty is rather an epistemic uncertainty, since it has to do with uncertainty of outcome and related to system performance (Aven, 2003). However, as an extent previous research also suggests that construction industry is likely to have more risk than to any other business activity mainly because of complexity of project, unskilled labor, climate calamities et cetera. Above all, It often seen that lack of practices and development of risk assessment and management techniques for Indian construction projects. The Construction industry is one of the most dynamic, risky and challenging businesses. However, the industry carrying bad impression in order to manage or deal with risk, along with many giant projects failing to reach its pre determined financial goals. Mainly because of change in weather, unskilled or absence of workers or other labors, improper productivity inside the plant with low level of quality and its raw material. Whenever risk arises whether it gets ignored or dealt with a completely arbitrary way simply adding 10 percent contingency onto the estimated cost of a project is typical. In a business as complex as construction, such an approach is often inadequate, resulting in expensive delays, litigation and even bankruptcy (Hayes et al, 2007). Further supporting this, as per Burchett (2000) risk management is an important part of the decision making process of all construction companies. Risk and uncertainty can potentially have damaging consequences for some construction p rojects. Risk can affect productivity, performance, quality and the budget of a project. Risk cannot be eliminated, but it can be minimized transferred or retained. In addition to this (Flanagan and Norman, 2008) also claims that In Construction industry, Risk includes the processes concerned with identifying, analyzing and responding to project risk, It includes maximizing the results of positive events and minimizing the consequences of adverse events. The characteristics of construction projects usually depends on their transparent nature, value of their business partner and the strong dependability on the basis of their local natural and human environment, which indeed highlights the difficulties of risk management in construction industry. Management of risks in building construction projects has been identified crucially at very best of the processes with respect to achieve project objectives which are in the form of time, cost, quality, safety and environmental Sustainability (Zou et al., 2007). Further as per (Baloi and Price, 2003) the role of above project objectives becomes more vital when a particular organization merges up with the overseas firm and the risk exposure becomes higher due to lack of information and knowledge about the international partner and their local environment. Hence Lipsy, (2008) suggest that global factors of risk are affecting more to the construction firms specially to contractors, because they are the victim who are less familiar with them. However, (Dikmen et al, 2007) argues that the success of construction companies carrying out projects in international markets significantly depends on how the risks that stem from the host country conditions are managed. Many practices and implementations have been aims to develop a risk model that contains the risks of doing business in international markets and handle the global risk. Indian construction organizations have increasingly played a vital role in the world wide market in the last two decades. Indian industry minister had a visit to eight African countries in early 2006 which indeed helped to boost up the involvement of Indian construction organization in an African continent as billions of dollars are poured into infrastructural investments (The Business Times, 2007). Indian construction organizations were able to give up the competitive and effective fight with the contractors against the other developed countries (Low et al, 2006).Above all, (Luther and Hensen 2006) mentions that identified the risks prolonged by overseas construction organizations and different ways of facing those risks while undertaking the construction projects at the outside soil. The manageable corporate scenario always needs to improve their approach to risk management and abilities to learn the lessons from both success and failure cases in order to avoid similar mistakes in the future (McGill et al., 2004) and (Luther and Hensen, 2006). Hence, it enables Indian constructors to improve their way of handling construction management ability in an unseen environment turns in to priority issue. In addition to this (Hastak and Shaked, 2006) describes the construction scenario into three different levels which are country, market and level of project. They further explain the economy stability which linked to the project policy and probability of countrys economy break down. Overall construction market level risk, specifically for an overseas organization does helps in to technological advancement which helps to open up more resources for construction proves and also simplifies complexity of construction process this all indeed turns in heavy competitor against local competitor and also helps to minimize the chances of financial risk. (Dubois and Gadde, 2006) claimed that complications in construction projects Always arises from the two formal sources which are interdependence of tasks and uncertainty. Further, Uncertainty has four sources where first and foremost is managements inexperience nature with local resources and local environment lack of knowledge with regards to what exactly happening at construction site, which includes material placement, the current work status and specialized team with regard to place and time, lastly, unpredictability of environment. Again, Dubois and Gaddes studys main conclusion was that the unstable and changing network is a major cause of the short-term sub optimization hampering a longer-term productivity, innovation and learning. To reduce this uncertainty, a firm should consider at least four different types of coordination inside the network and think relationships longer than just one projects perspective. Risk management is one of the knowledge junction which presented by the US PMI, (Project Management Institute) in the year of 2004. Addition to this Kloman (2004) observed that risk Management is simply good common sense in coping with possible and actual daily Mishaps, and the occasional major disasters that may lead to financial losses and unfulfilled plans for individuals and organizations, and indeed for society as a whole. Furthermore, risk management in the construction industry could be a Systematic way of identifying, analyzing and dealing with risks associated with a project in an order to achieve the project objectives (Zou et al, 2007). The Project Management Institute (2004) characterized risks in to four categories which are; Technical Risks, Organizational Risks, Project Risks and External Risks (abbreviated as TOPE risks). These four categories of risks are regularly faced by an Indian construction firms due to lack of risk management approach towards basic construction objectives and other activities. Specifically while working with the overseas firms which are previously merged with the local firms and invested huge amount of funds as a financial risk that too in metro cities of India. However it is obvious that appears reasonable for the firms, to inevitably face by Indian construction firms when they operate in the domestic firms due to high level of varieties. Against, the Project Management Institute (2004) (Markand and Aury shake, 2005) presents another risk assessment model specifically for an international construction project which is known as ICRAM-1, further they describes the model for risk assessment which shows potential risks with the identification at all three levels such as project level, market level, macro level. Further, results are obtained from the analysis of ICRAM-1 in the form of potential risk indicators, the overall impact of those risks into market as well as countrys environment where specific projects are under process. Furthermore, according to (Densen et al, 2008) states that Risk management systems and other guidelines are not new to implement. It jus requires reasonable and effective awareness of risk uncertainty, the way of qualifying the risk, procedure of controlling the certain possible controllable risk along with minimizing the impact of uncontrollable risk with the help of properly allocating those risk by risk allocation or apportionment. However, According to (Tah and Carr, 2005) the ineffective implementations of risk management are often caused by: A lack of formalized risk management procedures, which includes identification of risk followed by the risk analysis and risk control A lack of continuity of risk management in the various stages of the project life cycle, including conceives, project design, planning of project, allocation, plan execution, delivery of certain core areas, review and support Weak integration between risk management and other key processes, including design, estimating, planning, production, logistics, cost analysis, manufacturing, quality assurance, reliability, schedule analysis, support such as maintainability, and testing and evaluation A lack of interaction among different parties, which includes customers, insurers, contractors and suppliers. All the different parties indulged in a project usually have different conception with regard to risks according to their own background and interests. Customer always needs and expects proper scope and objectives of projects and the financial resource. Contractors take the major responsibility to deal with risks during on time construction process. Contractor has to finalize in order to what exactly they needs such as to maintain, minimize, transfer or avoid risks. However, they frequently use three methods to transfer a risk which are as follows:- 1) Firstly, with the help of insurance to insurance companies. 2) Secondly, through handling over or giving subcontract to subcontractor, else through making changes in the contract and in the certain rules and regulations at customers and other parties (Chapman and Ward, 2004; Luther and Hensen, 2006). Further, Insurance companies does not only helps with the insurance to contractors by transferring risks, but also provides special panel of expertise as a mentor to the contractors in order to managing the risk and identifying the potential risk along with reducing chances of probable risk. Again, (Williams et al., 2005) advised that the willingness of insurer to write an insurance coverage reflects favorably on insureds efforts at risk prevention. The improved understanding and interaction among clients, contractors, and insurers will help in the effective management of risks that will benefit the construction industry (Choy et al., 2006; Liu and Flanagan, 2005). Further in addition to this much has been mentioned on how risk exposure may be an alyzed and managed as per the project management institute. However it also reflects that the risk management study also has been done and gives out some points on an Indian construction industry which is booming along with the overseas partners. Model for Risk management (2005) states that the implementation and information regarding the risk management are not up to the mark or limited mainly in Indias construction industry. This is specifically vital as further it mentions regarding Indias overseas exporting services where rational approach is in action while dealing at first time. The rational approach always seeks a balance or trade-off between the chances of risks occurring and the severity of risk once it has been affected, the aftermath steps to follow. This indeed helps to know whether risks may be managed, but at a cost depending on whether the construction firms decide to mitigate, accept, avoid or transfer (also known as the MAAT) the identified risk. Finally, Baloi and Price (2003) both argued that having a deep knowledge and discipline of continuous development of the risk management seems that practitioners have not fully appreciated its importance. Further it was concluded that the main barriers to effective compliance are cost of implementing management plan, language, educational barriers employees and other labor staff. Therefore, the main barriers to improvement of risk management may be low awareness of risk management of Indian contractors and the difficulties in implementing such a system. In addition to this H.R Pitale (2005) suggests that, the better the tools used to communicate during a project to all parties involved will have a lesser risk. This approach provides for better understanding at every stage in the process. The owners can better understand what they are getting, estimators can have a much higher chance of estimating correctly, schedule planners can receive significantly more information to make a better schedule, contractors can better understand their assignments in the context of the overall project, and laborers on the site, who often cannot read drawings, can quickly understand the task at hand when it is described in a model. Now models are being brought to the construction site to ensure that the communication risk is dramatically reduced. The overall construction needed to be taken care by the group of upper level expertise which indeed requires a good Contract management staff because it includes highly critical functional services such as Cons ultancy service, Project control, Resource scheduling etc. As per the Indian construction industry and its financial condition along with organizations internal risk and outside risk Davendra Surji (1999) states that financial risk is always depends upon the resources to be utilize, the amount of time a project may take, material, and labor cost. If uncertainty occurs in any of this its increases the financial risk. However Technical staff and Human resource, Environmental control and other Government policies are also plays a key role in overall risk of project. In which environmental control and government policies in India have the highest vulnerable risks. However, (Mishel, 2007) argues that risk analysis and management in Indian construction industry depend basically on intuition judgment and experience. Formal risk analysis and management techniques are rarely used due to a lack of knowledge and to doubts on the suitability of techniques for construction industry activities. (Alfredo et al, 2005) states that as far as owners point of view the overall process of risk management has to be particularized for each and every construction projects which could be undertaken by the owners consultant. Further, author puts more emphasize on complete and generic process of risk management which must be used at construction projects where maturity level of risk is large and more complicated. Author also suggests a Delphi method of identifying the risk and how to deal with that risk as a final validation of the project risk all the identified processes simplified and proposed as a summarization where methodology and final results has to be presented. As per (Kenn and Y. Ling, 2002) the most of the project risk and failure of construction project depends on the nature of the project, method and documents of contract. However to mitigate this author suggests that appropriate contracting method coupled with clear and equal contract documents which ultimately turn down the uncertainty and complexity of risk against diverse and conflicting agendas. This means attitudes of the contracting partners and co-operative relationships among the project participants are crucial in order to make a successful project B. Vegamally, (2004). Despite the improvements in the project risk management practices across the construction industry, many contractors still not having proper holistic approach where risk is fully integrated into every aspect of the construction life cycle (right from the project contracting to project completion). This is evident from the fact that still notice construction projects suffering from ill defined scope, design and constructability issues and mismanaged vendors. As a consequence there are clear time-cost quality gaps, add to that a considerable tying up of valuable resources when you shift to fire fighting mode (Edward, 2003). Further, Vegamally (2004) mentions on the basis of Indian construction industries survey that fostering co-operative relationships and better teamwork always turns in to fruitful and riskless completion of project. Again, in order to assessing the risk (Falgun and Rashid, 2001) said that the development of a construction project from the concept, feasibility study and real design which indeed takes huge amount of time and also accommodates many different phases along with it seeks involvement of huge staff which are of different skills and interests, also requires a good amount of materials procurement system and the use of equipment. All of these situation can only possible to handle while skilled staff able to co-ordinate well with a smooth flow of each and every small activities. Above all it becomes important to identify the risk if occurred in between the process, mainly compounded by many external, uncontrollable factors that can generate risk. Risk can manifest itself in numer ous ways, varying over time and across activities. To judge the criteria, whether the level of risk is high or low (Kumaraswamy and Ali, 2005) mentioned that the first is the probability of risk occurrence where chances of an undesirable risk occurrence should be specified then secondly, the degree of risk impact, which is the degree of seriousness and the scale of the impact on other activities if the undesirable even occurs and subordinate issue that should be noticed is that a large number of small losses, caused by risks with little impact, could have a similar effect on a balance sheet to those resulting from a single loss caused by a higher impact. Therefore, degree of risk should be seen both from the probability of occurrence and the degree of risk impact because each will affect the degree of risk. As per (Mills, 2004) three of the most important risks in construction projects include weather, productivity of labor and plant and quality of material. For example these areas are not easily controllable by a contractor before the project execution. (Cohen and Palmer, 2005) identified risk trends in construction projects. They found that typically, risks are determined at the very early phases of the project (feasibility and planning) while the impacts are not experienced until the construction and production start-up phases. Further, as per (Hari and Subra, 2004) mentions that process of risk management must be implemented at the beginning of the project life cycle, hence it allows to make basic fundamental changes at project life cycle. Later overall project must be carefully analyzed in order to check the each phases and respective method is being use, if needed it should be customized as per individual characteristics. The underlying reason for risk management is to identify and ensure the well- grounded and unbiased decision making. However, (Artto and Kahkonen, 2006) concludes that risk management processes mainly includes only three core processes which are identification of risk, estimation of risk, and planning of risk response and execution. Further they highlights about five different accessory processes of risk such as risk management planning, risk communication, risk ownership development, risk management strategy and risk management control. As per (Artto and Kahkonen, 2006) the identification phase is stressed by many researchers (Turner, 2006). Further Turner says that It is quite obvious that if we are unaware of the risks, its difficult to manage them, though this view is limited to the event-type scope of risk management. In addition to this (Turner, 2006) presented the concept of risk from different perspectives, which forcing puts more emphasize on risk in a wider level, moving from single even-scope to wide uncertainty-scope. According to (Chapman,2005) the risk management process builds majorly on the initial identification phase, he explains the reason that success of later risk management phase is directly comparable to the quality of the first identification phase. Further, (D. Ramanand, 2005) explains the detailed steps and methods in order to identifying and differentiates the risks which are presented. He states that, the methods generally include brainstorming, risk checklists, expert analysis/interviews, modeling and analyzing different scenarios and analyzing project plans. In addition to this, author further says, Sources of risk or uncertainty and sources of known unknowns should be listed. In support of this, (Ward and Chapman, 2006) emphasizes using an uncertainty perspective in the project risk identification phase, since they consider such an approach to be the best way to determine all possible sources of opportunities (positive risks), not just threats. The identification lists need to be followed and updated as our knowledge and understanding of the project environment increases. As per (Artto and Kahkonen, 2006) Risk response planning and the execution- phase must have an effective control process by its side to confirm that the risk management processes are iterative and running successfully, are not dismissed as project starts and it follows that decisions are implemented and have the expected results. Monitoring and controlling usually means writing and checking documents and conducting meetings. Further, Author puts emphasize on the importance of team work and communication as a means of risk management. Monitoring should also include evaluating the basis of earlier decisions, and assessing whether the assumptions made at the beginning are still relevant. According to Saari (2005) suggests a simple tool for monitoring the risk management process. She proposes using risk status as an indicator of the process phase under every recognized risk. Risk status describes the current situation of a certain risks. Risk monitoring involves monitoring known risks, identifying new risks, reducing risks, and evaluating the effectiveness of risk reduction. The main output at this stage is associated with corrective actions and project change requests. Project risk continuous reassessment involves periodic reviews of project risk status to identify new risks, and to examine changes in probabilities or impacts and Changes in the contractors project risk responses. (Floricel and Miller, 2008) developed five risk strategies for projects, which are mainly for the large scale projects like construction projects, which further elaborated how risks in large scale projects should be handle. Author further state that strategies of every level of projects. A number of institutional anchoring elements must be put in place to tie project strategy to organizational strategy. It means that all organizations projects (called project portfolio) should be treated as stock portfolio. Also (Ward and Chapman, 2006) promoted the corporate scale view on risks rather than just a project scale view. They introduced the concept of risk efficiency as a prerequisite of the holistic risk management process and formed a decision rule for efficient risk management.